Authors: Farah Naz Abbasi , Maliha Khalid Khan , Mohammad Maksoud

Abstract

Background: Varicose veins (VV) are a prevalent vascular pathology with significant occupational implications. Despite being recognized as a health concern among healthcare workers (HCWs), data in Saudi Arabia remains fragmented. This study aimed to systematically review and quantitatively synthesize the prevalence of VV among HCWs in Saudi Arabia and identify associated risk factors.

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted for studies published up to June 2026. Eligible studies included observational research on HCWs in Saudi Arabia reporting VV prevalence. Two reviewers independently screened records, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality using the NHLBI tool. A meta-analysis was performed using a random-effects model to calculate pooled prevalence, with heterogeneity assessed via I² statistics.

Results: Five cross-sectional studies involving 1381 HCWs were included. The meta-analysis revealed a pooled prevalence of VV among HCWs in Saudi Arabia of 12% (95% CI: 8–16%). Substantial heterogeneity was observed (I² = 82.4%). Risk factors consistently identified across studies included female sex, prolonged standing, positive family history, and occupational roles involving long durations in the operating room or heavy lifting.

Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of 12% indicates that VV is a notable occupational health concern for HCWs in Saudi Arabia. Preventive strategies, including ergonomic workplace adjustments, staff education, and routine screening for high-risk individuals, are recommended to mitigate disease progression and improve workforce well-being. Future longitudinal research is required to clarify causal associations.

Keywords: Varicose veins, healthcare personnel, Saudi Arabia, systematic review, meta-analysis, occupational health, chronic venous disease.